Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Essay Example for Free

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Essay SARS is a highly contagious ailment, whose indications closely resemble those of influenza. Some of the symptoms of SARS are chills, headaches, muscle pains, sore throat and high fever. As the disease continues, there is an onset of pneumonia, which can prove to be fatal. In this context, the World Health Organization had estimated that fifteen percent of the cases of SARS infection proved to be fatal. This disease has defied all attempts at a cure; moreover, there is no vaccine for this disease. The SARS virus underwent a mutation, which enabled to cross the species barrier from animals to people. SARS is a respiratory illness and the symptoms of this illness are fever when the virus infects the human body. Normally the temperature of the human body of an infected person would be in excess of 100. 40F. The infected person develops chills and symptoms like headache, discomfort and body pains. In addition, there could be mild symptoms of respiratory distress in the beginning. Within two to seven days the patient develops a dry and nonproductive cough. The nonproductive cough would result in insufficient supply of oxygen to the blood. Some patients could even require the administering of clinical ventilation. SARS is a contagious disease and it spreads through the droplets that issue forth from a person who is coughing or sneezing into the air, if that person has been infected by the SARS virus. The primary manner of transmission of the virus is through the air or from objects that are contaminated with the virus (TARGET SARS Target II SARS/CoV 3CL-PRO). In 2003, an outbreak occurred of a previously unrecognized illness – termed SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome. It was caused by infection with a newly identified coronavirus, SARS-COV. Infection produced an illness with Pneumonia as the main disease; however, some patients developed other complications like the loss of appetite, diarrhea and bleeding in the abdomen or stomach. Many of those who developed this disease were health-care workers and the infection rate among them was very high (SARS. Blacks Medical Dictionary, 41st Edition. CredoReference ). Extraordinary and exceptional isolation procedures had to be necessarily adopted because the Epidemic threatened to spread all over the world from its origin in Hong Kong. Some of the measures adopted, in order to reduce the risk of the spread of this infection was the concentration of patients in individual hospitals, which were converted into isolation units. Visitors were not allowed into such hospitals. Staff and other patients who had been exposed to persons suffering from this disease were segregated in such special units. Further, routine care for in patients in the hospital was discontinued and screening of likely contacts was conducted. In addition, a number of restrictions were imposed on travel. Due to this strategy, which had been performed in coordination with the World Health Organization, the SARS pandemic was finally controlled (SARS. Blacks Medical Dictionary, 41st Edition. CredoReference ). The virus genome on careful analysis revealed that this virus was a recombinant of virus relating to bird bronchitis and a virus relating to mouse hepatitis. It takes between two to ten days for the symptoms caused by the SARS virus to become noticeable after the infection takes place. With the increasing age of the patients there is a corresponding increase in mortality rate and proves to be fatal in approximately half of the patients whose age is above sixty years of age (SARS. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas CredoReference). In the month of November 2002, the first incidence of SARS infection was discovered. This was in a place that was close to Foshan in the Guangdong province of southern China. However, this disease caught the attention of the people in the month of February 2003, when it spread globally due to air travel by infected persons. In the month of February 2003, Carlo Urbani, who worked for the World Health Organization in Bangkok, was asked to go to Hanoi in Vietnam, in order to treat an industrialist, from the US, who showed symptoms of an unknown disease. In this manner, Carlo Urbani became the first person to identify this disease as a new disease (SARS. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas CredoReference). Several scientists, especially those from Canada, were successful in establishing that this new SARS virus belonged to the family of the coronavirus. This disease spreads to other persons, if the victim is located very close to an infected person who spreads this disease by coughing. Further, this disease spreads to people who enter a place in which infected people have deposited exhaled droplets of phlegm or other fluids in their body. Moreover, infection with this disease occurs if contact is made with door handles and similar objects that have contaminated droplets on their surface. Furthermore, it is possible to get infected with this disease if a person enters an enclosed place like a lift in which contaminated droplets are present. Eight thousand victims of SARS were identified by the end of is outbreak in the year 2003. Out of these SARS victims, seven hundred lost their life. The maximum damage due to this virus took place in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. In Toronto, Canada there were one hundred and forty cases of such infection and twenty five of such infected persons died. In Singapore, there were around three hundred instances of this infection and out of these thirty persons lost their life (SARS. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas CredoReference). In the year 2003 scientists were successful in discovering the gene that made the human body prone to infection by the SARS virus. While studying the human leukocyte antigen or HLA proteins, they realized that the variation in a gene that produces the HLA-B*4601 protein was common in the South China population. This was the area of origin of the SARS virus and people with this gene variation displayed a reaction to the SARS virus that was greater in severity in comparison to those who did not have this particular gene variation. Moreover, SARS infections are very rare in people who do not possess this HLA-B*4601 gene variation. Most of the people who belong to Taiwan and Europe do not have this gene variation (SARS. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas CredoReference). At the time of the rapid spread of SARS, the World Health Organization sent out a global alert in which it asked the people to mask their face in public places, to avoid air travel, to thoroughly check airplane passengers for increase in body temperature and to quarantine infected persons. A number of scientists are engaged in developing a vaccine for this disease. However, this disease was controlled by the beginning of the year 2005 and does not exist anywhere in the world, except in the laboratories (SARS. The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia CredoReference). SARS has defied all attempts at a cure and there is no specific vaccine for it. This has restricted the treatment to reducing the severity of the symptoms shown by the patient and treating any side effects of this infection (SARS in full severe acute respiratory syndrome. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia CredoReference ). It is now common knowledge that in the year 2003, in Guangdong province of China, the first occurrence of this severe atypical pneumonia was observed. The epidemic was suspected to be associated with a new virus and subsequently, researchers isolated an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus from a patient in Hong Kong. Researchers focused on members of the Paramyxoviridae family since some particles were detected by the process of electron microscopy of respiratory samples from patients in Hong Kong and Frankfurt (Peiris, Chu and Cheng). Subsequent investigations revealed that the human metapneumovirus or hMPV existed in SARS patients. Researchers in China had detected the Chlamydia organism in patients who had died due to atypical pneumonia during the outbreak of SARS in Guangdong. However, these organisms were not present in patients outside China. In the month of March 2003, researchers in the United States, Hong Kong and Germany found traces of a previously unknown coronavirus in SARS patients. This discovery was in different ways and some of these methods included isolation on cell culture, demonstration by electron microscopy, demonstration of specific genomic sequence by polymerase chain reaction or PSR and by the use of microarray techniques and the indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests (Peiris, Chu and Cheng). In this context, the World Health Organization announced on the 16th of April, 2003, that the coronavirus had not been discovered in humans and animals till that date and that it was a new virus, which was the cause of SARS. Before announcing the discovery of this new virus, thirteen laboratories in ten countries tested this new coronavirus in accordance with the postulates of Koch, which is essential to prove that this new virus causes SARS. This virus causes interstitial pneumonia that shows symptoms that are similar to SARS, and the virus was isolated from the nose and throat of infected monkeys. The corona viruses belong to the family of Coronaviridae. This family consists of very large, positive – sense single – stranded RNA viruses, which replicate themselves in the cytoplasm of the animal host cells (Siddell, Wege and Meulen). The gene factors of corona viruses range in length from 27 to 32 kb, and are the largest of the RNA viruses. The diameter of the virions ranges vary from 100 to 140 nanometers. Most of the viral particles bear the distinct appearance of surface projections and these spikes extend to twenty nanometers from their base. In animals, corona viruses cause extremely virulent respiratory, enteric and neurological diseases. They also cause hepatitis, respiratory diseases that are temporarily prevalent and widespread in animals and gastroenteritis having short incubation periods between two to seven days. The symptoms revealed in SARS are the same (Holmes). Corona viruses are species – specific and when they attack immunocompetent hosts, their infection extracts neutralizing antibodies and cell – mediated immune responses, which in turn kill the infected cells (Holmes). Most of the corona viruses cause terminal diseases in animals such as feline infectious peritonitis virus or FIPV, hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis or HEV of swine and some strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus or IBV and mouse hepatitis virus or MHV. They replicate themselves in the liver, lungs, kidneys, gut, spleen, brain, spinal cord and other tissues (Holmes). Human corona viruses HCoVs were found to cause minor diseases. They are found in group 1 known as HCoV – 229E and group 2 known as HCoV – O43, and they cause minor respiratory problems (Makela). Sometimes they cause severe infections of the lower respiratory tract in children and adults and a condition termed as necrotizing enterocolitis in newborn babies. They can survive on normal environmental surfaces for three hours and they are transmitted among humans by droplets, hand contamination, fomites and small particle aerosols (Ijaz). The Coronaviruses produce Coronavirus Main Protease protein or 3CL – PRO. This protein helps the virus to replicate itself and thereby spread the infection. In order to stop the infection, it is essential to bring about a disabling of the protein from working and this would consequently, contain the virus production and the attendant infection. Therefore, researchers had concentrated on producing a drug that would hinder the functioning of the 3CL PRO protein. With the achievement of this breakthrough, pharmaceutical companies started to prepare drugs that would hinder the functions of the 3CL – PRO protein, which is responsible for the multiplication of the virus and the resultant SARS infection. Ritonavir and Indinavir are the major ingredients of the anti – HIV drugs. The Coronavirus Main Proteinase is the principal drug that is used in the treatment of SARS (TARGET SARS Target II SARS/CoV 3CL-PRO). The HIV virus and other viruses that cause influenza on infecting people have been described as wily because of their characteristic of mutating rapidly. This trait helps them to obtain immunity from antiviral drugs or from the human immune system. However, the SARS virus has not been undergoing mutation. Clinical examinations of the genome sequences of fourteen isolates from patients in Singapore, Toronto, China and Hong Kong did not establish any mutations of the original sequence and it can be concluded that the SARS virus is invariant. However, this notion that SARS virus does not mutate or fails to mutate cannot be taken for granted since the virus did not face significant resistance from human hosts (Knight). Coronaviruses are not so active in the replication of their genetic material and as a result they make one error for every ten thousand nucleotides that they replicate. This is similar to what the HIV virus does. Coronaviruses have a significant characteristic that helps them to reject mutations as and when they occur. These viruses have an enzyme that enables them to replicate their genetic material and spreads among several copies of the viral genome instead of being restricted to a single template of the genome. The result of this is that each genome is copied from multiple templates. This procedure reduces the chances of mutations in the populations of the coronavirus (Knight). The enzyme that brings about the copying of the virus functions in such a manner that instead of using just one template genome it accesses several such templates and this results in a drastic reduction in the possibility that any particular mutation will dominate in a viral population. Moreover, such haphazard template access can entail an inaccurate access by the enzyme (Knight). The consequence of such access by the enzyme would be the deletion of some portion of an essential gene, which could produce results that would be drastic, particularly, if the mutation affects the protein spikes that are bound to the surface of the viruses’ cellular victims. In 1984, there was an outbreak of a new ailment on European farms that were rearing pigs. It was determined to be a mutant of the coronavirus, in which the altered spike protein had effected changes in respect of the type of cells that could be invaded by the virus. Although, this mutant did not prove to be fatal, all the same it has spread globally and made the diagnosis of gut disease more difficult (Knight). It is assumed that genetic deletion was responsible for the SARS virus to find a new target, namely, the human body, from its previous animal hosts. In that case the mutation could be of a totally different type due to the fact that the spike protein has remained unaltered. While comparing with the viral strains present in the animals sold in the Chinese markets, it became evident that the SARS virus does not have twenty nine nucleotides in the gene for a protein whose function could not be determined. This protein was found to be appended to the inside of the protective layer of the virus (Knight). The WHO spearheaded the battle against SARS and was extremely successful in uniting the global community in combating this menace. Dr Carlo Urbani became a martyr in the battle against SARS. This disease demonstrated that there are several dangers that could surface when least expected to do with terrifying results (SARS: how a global epidemic was stopped). Within a short period of seven months, around eight thousand people were infected by this disease in twenty nine countries. 1755 persons were infected in Hong Kong and of these 299 succumbed to the disease. This disease had a serious psychological effect on its victims and it was established that such effects persisted for long periods after the disease had been cured. Several studies conducted a month after patients had been discharged revealed that thirteen to thirty two percent of them were suffering from moderate to severe anxiety and that eighteen to twenty six percent had moderate to severe depression. Another four percent were found to be suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD (Lee). The spread of SARS had a number of economic, political and sociological ramifications, due to extreme demands made on the countries, in which this disease was prevalent, by the WHO. Some of these demands were related to a curtailment if not the rescission of economic activities like trade, tourism, and investment. Despite SARS occurring mainly in Asia, its effects were experienced in almost every major market across the world. This epidemic brought about a tremendous increase in medical expenditure and travel. In addition consumer confidence and investment reached their nadir (Political Influences on the Response to SARS and Economic Impacts of the Disease).

Japans Anime and Cyberpunk Genres :: Cyberpunk Anime Films Literature Essays Papers

Japan's Anime and Cyberpunk Genres Anime films are cartoons, usually from Japan, with adult subject matter. Despite the prevailing American view that cartoons are for children, Japanese view anime as a legitimate art form that is appropriate for adult viewing. Anime subjects vary widely from soap opera drama, to medieval adventures, to science fiction. Many of the sci-fi anime films exhibit traits that are common to the cyberpunk ethic. Cyberpunk as a genre seems to defy a precise definition, but several common themes can be used to exemplify what ideals the "movement" represents. This movement is a new view of the world, one in which neither apocalypse nor utopia is presented. Those involved in creating cyberpunk show the current global situation, only much more so. They extrapolate from current events and take it to a higher degree. Almost everything in their fictional worlds is recognizable to modern readers, only they have projected technology and events into a future that is possible. The creators of anime present views of the future that are often very similar. Big robots, crowded metropolises, and powerful corporations are all commonplace. The Tessier-Ashpool mega-corp of Neuromancer can be likened to GENOM, a multinational corporation from Bubblegum Crisis. The Tessier-Ashpool artificial intelligences, Wintermute and Neuromancer, quitely amassed power and eventually changed the world. This idea of technology out of control is mirrored in GENOM's escaped Boomers. Boomers are pretty much Terminator endoskeletons, but even more bulky. Occasionally, one would escape and wreak havoc on the surrounding city. Both the novel and the anime film examine the social ramifications of technology beyond human intervention. And while it is true that Gibson's take on it is much more subtle, watching a Boomer get blown up by a cyberbabe in power armor can be pretty rewarding in its own right. A Boomer cocks his head, small optical relays click. He almost grins. A split second later, a helicopter is going down in flames. ...he sees that the dark wavelike phenomenon was a wave of blood ... a miniaturized gatling gun ... whirs around. (Stephenson, 361) The feelings evoked by these two passages are similar. Although the first quote was my pitiful attempt to paraphrase the animated action of Bubblegum Crisis; you can clearly see that directors of anime seem to share literary cyberpunks' fascination with cool tech. The Boomer's gun that spews zillions of rounds of superheated death is reminiscent of Stephenson's depleted uranium Reason gatling gun. Japan's Anime and Cyberpunk Genres :: Cyberpunk Anime Films Literature Essays Papers Japan's Anime and Cyberpunk Genres Anime films are cartoons, usually from Japan, with adult subject matter. Despite the prevailing American view that cartoons are for children, Japanese view anime as a legitimate art form that is appropriate for adult viewing. Anime subjects vary widely from soap opera drama, to medieval adventures, to science fiction. Many of the sci-fi anime films exhibit traits that are common to the cyberpunk ethic. Cyberpunk as a genre seems to defy a precise definition, but several common themes can be used to exemplify what ideals the "movement" represents. This movement is a new view of the world, one in which neither apocalypse nor utopia is presented. Those involved in creating cyberpunk show the current global situation, only much more so. They extrapolate from current events and take it to a higher degree. Almost everything in their fictional worlds is recognizable to modern readers, only they have projected technology and events into a future that is possible. The creators of anime present views of the future that are often very similar. Big robots, crowded metropolises, and powerful corporations are all commonplace. The Tessier-Ashpool mega-corp of Neuromancer can be likened to GENOM, a multinational corporation from Bubblegum Crisis. The Tessier-Ashpool artificial intelligences, Wintermute and Neuromancer, quitely amassed power and eventually changed the world. This idea of technology out of control is mirrored in GENOM's escaped Boomers. Boomers are pretty much Terminator endoskeletons, but even more bulky. Occasionally, one would escape and wreak havoc on the surrounding city. Both the novel and the anime film examine the social ramifications of technology beyond human intervention. And while it is true that Gibson's take on it is much more subtle, watching a Boomer get blown up by a cyberbabe in power armor can be pretty rewarding in its own right. A Boomer cocks his head, small optical relays click. He almost grins. A split second later, a helicopter is going down in flames. ...he sees that the dark wavelike phenomenon was a wave of blood ... a miniaturized gatling gun ... whirs around. (Stephenson, 361) The feelings evoked by these two passages are similar. Although the first quote was my pitiful attempt to paraphrase the animated action of Bubblegum Crisis; you can clearly see that directors of anime seem to share literary cyberpunks' fascination with cool tech. The Boomer's gun that spews zillions of rounds of superheated death is reminiscent of Stephenson's depleted uranium Reason gatling gun.

Discuss Chronic Kidney Disease Health And Social Care Essay

This assignment will discourse chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) , its development and the therapies to handle this disease. Chronic kidney disease is going a planetary public wellness job nevertheless, converting grounds is now able to observe chronic kidney disease by utilizing simple research lab testing and that intervention can forestall or detain complications. ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) In order for this to be achieved it must be adopted as a end worldwide in understanding the relationship between chronic kidney disease and other chronic diseases, it is besides of import to develop a public wellness policy to better results in the hereafter. ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) chronic diseases are now the taking cause of decease worldwide. There were 58 million deceases worldwide in two 1000 and five, and 35 were attributed to chronic diseases. There are presently legion footings u sed interchangeably with chronic kidney disease: chronic nephritic inadequacy ( CRI ) progressive nephritic inadequacy ( PRI ) and end phase nephritic disease ( ESRD ) are the most common. ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) Levey et Al 2007 â€Å" Chronic kidney disease happens when an single suffers from gradual and normally lasting loss of kidney map over clip. This happens bit by bit, normally months to old ages. Chronic kidney disease is divided into five phases of increasing badness. The term nephritic refers to the kidneys, so another name for kidney disease is nephritic failure. Mild kidney disease is frequently called inadequacy. With loss of kidney map there is an accretion of H2O, waste and toxic substances in the organic structure that are usually excreted by the kidney. Loss of kidney map besides causes other jobs such as anaemia, high blood force per unit area, acidosis ( inordinate sourness of organic structure fluids ) , upsets of cholesterin and fatty acids and bone disease. Stage five chronic kidney diseases is besides referred to as kidney failure, terminal phase kidney disease, or stop phase nephritic disease wherein there is entire or close entire loss of kidney map. There is unsafe accretion of H2O , waste and toxic substances and most persons in this phase of kidney disease need dialysis or organ transplant to remain alive ( emedicinehealth, 2010 ) . † ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) â€Å" The clinical linguistic communication of ( CKD ) is riddled with impreciseness. Inconsistent usage of ( CKD ) nomenclature is confounding for both practicians and patients. Presently legion footings are used interchangeably with ( CKD ) : chronic nephritic inadequacy ( CRI ) , progressive nephritic inadequacy ( PRI ) , and terminal phase nephritic disease ( ESRD ) , are among the most common. The word kidney is of Middle English beginning and is easy understood by patients, their households, suppliers, wellness attention professional and the laic populace of native English talkers. On the other manus nephritic and nephrology derived from Latin and Greek roots, severally, normally require reading and account. The word chronic is an adjectival defined as persisting for a long clip normally associated with an unwellness or a personal or societal job. A chronic unwellness is defined as being relentless long standing and incurable. In medical footings chronic is besides defined as persisting for a long clip. The term imperfect is defined as traveling frontward as with a progressive gesture, continuing measure by measure, cumulative and of a disease increasing in badness or extent ( Ridley, J, et al 2009 ) . † ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) â€Å" The term disease is an unhealthy status of the organic structure or head, a peculiar sort of disease with particular symptoms or location. Similarly the term diseased refers to being affected with disease unnatural, or disordered. The synonym finder defines disease as a noun denoting a sort or case of damage of a life being that interferes with normal bodily map ( Ridley, J, et al 2009 ) . â€Å" Chronic kidney disease is progressively recognized as a planetary public wellness job. There is now converting grounds that ( CKD ) can be detected utilizing simple research lab trials, and that intervention can forestall or detain complications of reduced kidney map, decelerate the patterned advance of kidney disease and cut down the hazard of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Translating these progresss to simple and applicable public wellness steps must be adopted as a end worldwide. Understanding the relationship between ( CKD ) and other chronic disease is of import to developin g a public wellness policy to better results. Chronic disease is now the taking cause of decease worldwide. The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) estimates that there were about 58 million deceases worldwide in two 1000 and five, with 35 million attributed to chronic disease. While ( CKD ) is non mentioned in the two 1000 and five study it is now recognized that ( CKD ) is common in people with cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) hazard factors and that ( CKD ) multiples the hazard for inauspicious results in these conditions ( Levey, A, S, et al 2007 ) . ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) â€Å" There are two types of nephritic replacing therapies for patients. Most patients are campaigners for both haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis is used to cleanse the blood before the blood is returned to the organic structure. Peritoneal dialysis filters, cleans blood and removes extra fluid. Peritoneal offers more freedom for persons compared to hemodialysis since patients do non necessitate to travel to a dialysis Centre for intervention. Persons /patients need to be educated on chronic kidney disease so that they are able to better pull off their attention and intervention and every bit good as taking the appropriate therapy in respects to their attention ( Emedicinehealth, 2010 ) . † â€Å" The demand to educate patients in order to enable them to take part in doing appropriate picks for all curative options in terminal phase nephritic disease would look obvious yet there are many barriers to supplying such information. Adequate chronic kidney disease instruction can detain the oncoming of dialysis, increase patient pick of less dearly-won homed-based therapies and better results of patient after the start of dialysis ( Finkelstein, F O, et Al, 2008 ) . † â€Å" The chief causes of chronic kidney disease are diabetes and high blood force per unit area. Type one and type two diabetes mellitus causes a status called diabetic kidney disease which is the taking cause of kidney disease in the United States. High blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) if non controlled can damage the kidneys over clip. There are legion other causes but theses are most common. There is no remedy for chronic kidney disease the four ends of therapy are: decelerate the patterned advance of disease, dainty implicit in causes and lending factors, dainty complications of disease and replace lost kidney map. Schemes for decelerating patterned advance and handling conditions underlying chronic kidney disease include the undermentioned: control of blood glucose, control of high blood force per unit area and diet. Complications that may necessitate medical intervention are unstable keeping, anaemia, bone disease, and acidosis ( emedicinehealth 2010 ) . â⠂¬  In decision chronic kidney disease is a serious public wellness concern which is now recognized worldwide. The two chief causes of chronic kidney disease are type one and type two diabetes and the other being high blood force per unit area. Educating patients on chronic kidney disease enables them to be able to do picks in respects to their intervention and attention. Patients that are now educated on chronic kidney disease can now take the appropriate therapy, whether it be hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, most of the clip peritoneal dialysis offer more freedom for patients whereas haemodialysis requires the patient to travel to a dialysis Centre for intervention. The control of blood glucose, high blood force per unit area and diet are really of import in keeping the patterned advance of chronic kidney disease. Public steps must be adopted worldwide if there are to be better wellness policies to better results in the hereafter. â€Å" Chronic kidney disease happens when an sin gle suffers from gradual and normally lasting loss of kidney map over clip. This happens bit by bit, normally months to old ages. The term nephritic refers to the kidneys, so another name for kidney disease is nephritic failure. Harmonizing to The World Health Organization ( WHO ) 35 million deceases were attributed to chronic diseases, while it was non mentioned in the study chronic kidney disease is common in people with cardiovascular disease. There is now converting grounds that ( CKD ) can be detected utilizing simple research lab trials, and that intervention can forestall or detain complications of reduced kidney map, decelerate the patterned advance of kidney disease and cut down the hazard of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Once once more patients need to be able to understand what complications intervention and therapies are available when covering with chronic kidney disease, holding this type of cognition dosage non bring around the patient but it slows down the patterned advance of this disease.

Essay about Children’s Literature in Jamaica - 4155 Words

Children’s Literature in Jamaica As children in the United States, we grow up listening to the stories of Dr. Seuss and Curious George as we fall off to sleep to the sound of our parent’s voices echoing in our dreams. As we start to grow older and the poetry of Shel Silverstein’s, Where the Sidewalk Ends no longer holds our imagination as much as it did at eight years old, we begin to read stories that are a reflection of the environment we live within. We engaged ourselves in the lives of such characters as the Hardy Boys and Willy Wonka. What these stories lacked however, are the social issues that are ever present in today’s society. Not all of American children’s literature is without social content, but the literature many of†¦show more content†¦Children’s folklore and literature thrives in the stories of Anancy. Anancy is an indestructible and irresistible spider who is both, fooler and fool, maker and unmade, wily and stupid, subtle and gross, the High God’s accomplice and his rival. (Dance, 11) Anancy is generally a figure of admiration whose cunning and scheming nature reflects the indirection and subtleties necessary for survival and occasionally victory for the Black man in a racist society. In Jamaica, Anancy, the descendant of a West African deity takes on special significance in a society, which has its roots in a system of slavery. It is as though every slave strove to be Anancy and he who achieved the Spider-form became a kind of hero. Anancy’s greatest attributes however, are his character flaws. Anancy is far from a perfect folk hero, and many of his characteristics are egotistical, selfish, and ignorant. Regardless of the wealth of character flaws he possesses, Anancy has an irresistibility that has been preserved in its most uncorrupted form. As Rex Nettleford states in his introduction to Walter Jekyll’s, Jamaican Song and Story, in order to cope with an unstraight and crooked world one needs unstraight and crooked paths. (Jekyll, xiii) As a child, playwright and author, Louise Bennett recalls that everything that happened in the world was caused by Anancy. (Jekyll, ix) As aShow MoreRelatedA New Beginning For African Americans Essay1291 Words    |  6 PagesMarisa Pope EH-232 American Literature II Professor Alan Brown November 19, 2016 A New Beginning for African Americans From the 1920’s to the mid 1930’s a literary, intellectual, and artistic movement occurred that kindled the African Americans a new cultural identity. This movement became known as the Harlem Renaissance, which is also known as the â€Å"New Negro Movement†. 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Gladwell’s writing is exciting and smooth to read because he embellishes his words with elements of literature, such as imagery, which provides further explanation of the subject, without making monotonous lists of ideas. The image (270) of â€Å"the schoolhouse† which was â€Å"a long, single-room barn of a building raised on concrete stilts† conveys the lack ofRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1409 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloping one’s sense of self. Bildungsroman literature in the 20th century embodies the virtues of different authors’ contexts and cultures, influencing the fictional stories of children’s lives around the world.. The Bluest Eye is a 1970 publication by Toni Morrison set in 1940s Ohio in America, focal around the consequence of racism in an American community on the growth of a child, distinct in its use of a range of narrative perspectives. Annie John by Jamaica Kincaid is a novel set in post colonialRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1462 Words   |  6 PagesBildungsroman literature in the 20th century embodies the virtues of different authors’ contexts and cultures, influencing the fictional stories of children’s lives around the world.. The Bluest Eye is a 1970 publication by Toni Morrison set in 1940s Ohio in America, focal around the consequence of racism in an American community on the growth of a child, distinct in its use of a range of narrative perspectives. Annie John by Jamaica Kincaid is a novel set in post colonial Antigua, published in 1985Read MorePoetrys Influences on the Harlem Renaissance2031 Words   |  9 Pagesas he wrote, with passion. After high school Hughes spent a year in Mexico with his father who disliked his passion for writing and urged him to stop. At that time Hughes was beginning to get published in a number of places like magazines and children’s book. During this time he was noticed but W.E.B Dubois. Upon Hughes return to America he enrolled in Colombia University in New York. Hughes did not like the atmosphere at Colombia so after a year he left. After Columbia he moved to New York andRead MoreEssay about The Harlem Renaissance1582 Words   |  7 Pagesand into the 1930’s, the Harlem Renaissance was an important movement for African-Americans all across America. This movement allowed the black culture to be heard and accepted by white citizens. The movement was expressed through art, music, and literature. These things were also the most known, and remembered things of the renaissance. Also this movement, because of some very strong, moving and inspiring people changed political views for African-Americans. Compared to before, The Harlem Renaissance