Calvinism Essays - 1935 Words

Calvinism is the theological system of John Calvin who exerted international influence on the development of the doctrine of the Protestant Reformation (Warfield, 2004). Calvin and his followers marked by strong emphasis on the sovereignty of God, the depravity of mankind, and the doctrine of predestination. This system was developed as a biblical Christianity. It has stirred countries such as Switzerland, Germany, France, Spain, England and America. Calvinist theology spread rapidly, and became the basis for many protestant denominations. These included the Swiss Reformed Church, The Dutch Reformed Church, The English Puritans, The French Huguenots, The Presbyterian and Congregational Churches, The Baptist Churches, and through them the†¦show more content†¦In this essay we will discuss the role of Calvinism in American History, especially in Jacksonian era. Calvinism came to America with the Pilgrim Fathers. It gained strong adherence in the Presbyterian Church in American colonies, during the 17th and 18th centuries. Presbyterians took a very prominent part in the American Revolution of 1776. By 1800 Calvinist church had roughly split into an orthodox wing and a liberal wing. The liberals had been strongly influenced by enlightenment ideas. The background for political and religious reforms was built. New era of American history had started. The Jacksonian era was a precursor to the greater extension of such philosophies and tactics in the post-Civil War era, as evidenced by the actions and policies of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Ronald Reagan. After 1815 Americans transformed the republic of the Founding Fathers into a democracy. State after state revoked property qualifications for voting and holding office - thus transforming Jefferson’s republic of property holders into Andrew Jackson’s mass democracy (Halbrooks, 2004). Andrew Jackson was the first President not to come from the original colonies. Jackson was considered a true popular hero and used his stature to strengthen the power of the presidency. In the period of 1815-1845 the national politics was polarized around him and his opposition and two parties grew out of the oldShow MoreRelatedArminianism and Calvinism733 Words   |  3 Pagesa lot for man to make the decisions. Two topics that are frequently debated are Arminianism and Calvinism. As it has already been stated no one can have a 100% correct answer to each topics 5 main points but that doesn’t mean man should just avoid them, people should dig deeper and discover for themselves what is right in their hearts. Calvinism has five main topics (as well as Arminianism). Calvinism uses T.U.L.I.P; total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, and perseverance ofRead MoreThe Differences Between Calvinism And Arminianism1270 Words   |  6 Pageseither Heaven or Hell? Calvinism and Arminianism are two differing theological standpoints that have been and are being debated frequently. These stances give an answer to the question of whether or not people are subject to predestination. Both sides hold that they are correct and backed by biblical proofs. Upon having a first look towards both views it is immediately clear and evident that it is rather difficult to discern which of the two have strong biblical support. Calvinism and Arminianism areRead MoreDifferences Between Calvinism And Arminianism1298 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to compare two theological positions, namely Calvinism and Arminianism. These are two positions on either side of the extreme concernin g free will and predestination. There are those who believe that we have the free will to love and obey God or deny God, and there are those who believe that God, in his sovereignty, has predetermined who will be saved or who will not be saved and neither group is willing to budge. Both sides claim to have the support of Scripture, andRead MoreComparing Calvinism And Arminianism And Two Systems Of Theology1921 Words   |  8 Pageseye-to-eye on the matter. Both Calvinism and Arminianism, two systems of theology, â€Å"attempt to explain the relationship between God’s sovereignty and man’s responsibility in the matter of salvation† (Calvinism vs. Arminianism). Just what is Calvinism and Arminianism? Which group of thoughts is right? Where did they come from? Before being able to answer that question, one must understand each view’s origin, as well as the logic and scriptures that support it. Calvinism, for starters, is a systematicRead MoreComparing Calvinism And Arminius Viewpoints And Touch On The View Points1663 Words   |  7 Pageswe will look at Calvinism and Arminius viewpoints and touch on the view points of other theologians throughout history to come up with an accurate conclusion of which of the two main theological ideas is most likely the case of election. Election has always been a sensitive subject many in Christian circles. Most Christians lean towards one of two camps. Arminius or Calvinism. These two movements get the most recognition because of how different they are. First of all Calvinism and the five pointsRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation, Religious Unity, and Calvinism Essay examples2184 Words   |  9 Pagesbanished from his realm in such manner that if one of the arms of my body was infected with this corruption, I would cut it off, and if my children were tainted with it, I would myself offer them in sacrifice (Diefendorf, 1991). The Roots of Calvinism This limited worldview would become the preferred way of dealing with the problem that the French Calvin’s or Huguenots presented to Catholic France. The roots of Lutheranism or Protestantism in France can be traced back to the life of John CalvinRead MoreCalvinism: A Look Into Domestic Life in Catherine Sedgwicks Novel, A New England Tale1176 Words   |  5 PagesCatharine Sedgwick’s novel, A New-England Tale, tells the story of an orphan, Jane Elton, who â€Å"fights to preserve her honesty and her dignity in a household where religion is much talked about but little practiced† (Back Cover). The story take place in the 1820s, a time when many children were suffering in silence due to the fact that there was really no way to get people to understand exactly how bad things were for them. The only way anyone could ever really get a true understanding of the livesRead MoreLutheranism And Calvinism857 Words   |  4 PagesThese are the reasons I believe Lutherani sm is better than Calvinism and why you should leave the Catholic Church and come and join Lutheranism. Firstly, Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther. Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German monk, reformer, and theologian. Calvinism is the religious doctrines of John Calvin. Calvin stressed that people are saved through Gods grace, not through their own merits. The most famous of CalvinsRead MoreThe Church Of Trinity Fellowship903 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment is from Presbyterian denominations and the reformed churches. The doctrine that Presbyterians stand by is Calvinism that John Calvin had established. Calvinism is based on scriptures but also relates to man-made beliefs. Presbyterians believe that Jesus died on the cross for the salvation of predestined people that God had chosen; which contradicts the Bible. Calvinism is known for the main points of T.U.L.I.P. which is an acronym for Total Wickedness, Unconditional Election, Limited PunishmentRead MoreThe Colonial Period Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pagesordained for some, eternal damnation for others† (Cowie 44). John Calvin also writes in his book the Five Points of Calvinism. The five points are widely known as TULIP. TULIP is the ‘narrow definition’ of basic Calvinist ideas. Corruption of man, predestination, compensation for sins, grace, and salvation of saints are a general example of John Calvin’s five points (Calvinism in New England 2). These ideas differ greatly from Christian theology because predestination and salvation solely by

Guila Naquitz (Mexico) - Key Evidence of Maize Domestication History

Guilà ¡ Naquitz is one of the most important archaeological sites in the Americas, recognized for its breakthrough discoveries in understanding plant domestication. The site was excavated in the 1970s by U.S. archaeologist Kent V. Flannery, using pioneering methods of environmental and ecological sampling. The results of those sampling techniques at Guila Naquitz and other excavations that followed rewrote what archaeologists had previously understood of the timing of plant domestication. Key Takeaways: Guilà ¡ Naquitz Guilà ¡ Naquitz is an archaeological site in a small cave in the Mexican state of Oaxaca.  The site was occupied by hunter-gatherers between 8000–6500 BCE.  It is notable for the evidence of teosinte, the progenitor plant of domesticated maize, as well as the domestic plant itself.  Guilà ¡ Naquitz was also the first site excavating techniques of environmental and ecological sampling.   Site Description Guilà ¡ Naquitz is a small cave  occupied by local hunter-gatherers at least six times between 8000 and 6500 BCE, by hunters and gatherers, probably during the fall (October to December) of the year. The cave is in the Tehuacà ¡n valley of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, about 3 miles (5 kilometers) northwest of the town of Mitla. The mouth of the cave opens near the base of a large ignimbrite cliff rising ~1000 feet (300 meters) above the valley floor. The earliest information on the domestication of many of the American domesticated crops—maize, bottle gourd, squash, and beans—was found in the 1950s and 1960s within deposits explored in five caves in Mexico. Those were Guilà ¡ Naquitz;  Romero’s and Valenzuela’s caves near Ocampo, Tamaulipas; and Coxcatlà ¡n and San Marcos caves in Tehuacà ¡n, Puebla. Chronology and Stratigraphy Five natural strata (A-E) were identified in the cave deposits, which extended to a maximum depth of 55 inches (140 centimeters). Unfortunately, only the top strata (A) can be conclusively dated, based on radiocarbon dates from its living floors and pottery which matches Monte Alban IIIB-IV, ca. 700 CE. The dates of the other strata within the cave are to an extent contradictory: but AMS radiocarbon dates on the plant parts which were discovered within layers B, C, and D have returned dates to nearly 10,000 years ago, well within the Archaic period and, for the time it was discovered, that was a mind-blowingly early date. A considerable and heated debate occurred in the 1970s, particularly about the radiocarbon dates from Guila Naquitzs teosinte (the genetic precursor to maize) cob fragments, concerns which largely dissipated after similarly old dates for maize were recovered from the San Marcos and Coxcatlan caves in Oaxaca and Puebla, and the Xihuatoxtla site in Guerrero. Macro and Micro Plant Evidence A wide range of plant food was recovered within the cave deposits of Guilà ¡ Naquitz, including acorns, pinyon, cactus fruits, hackberries, mesquite pods, and most importantly, the wild forms of bottle gourd, squash, and beans. All of those plants would be domesticated within a few generations. Other plants attested at Guila Naquitz are chili peppers, amaranth, chenopodium, and agave. The evidence from the cave deposits includes plant parts—peduncles, seeds, fruits, and rind fragments, but also pollen and phytoliths. Three cobs with plant elements of both  teosinte (the wild progenitor of  maize)  and maize, were found within the deposits and direct-dated by AMS radiocarbon dating to about 5,400 years old; they have been interpreted as showing signs of incipient domestication. Squash rinds were also radiocarbon dated, returning dates of approximately 10,000 years ago. Sources Benz, Bruce F. Archaeological Evidence of Teosinte Domestication from Guilà ¡ Naquitz, Oaxaca. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98.4 (2001): 2105–06.  Flannery, Kent V. Guila Naquitz: Archaic Foraging and Early Agriculture in Oaxaca, Mexico. New York: Academic Press, 1986.  Pà ©rez-Crespo, Và ­ctor Adrià ¡n, et al. Variacià ³n Ambiental Durante El Pleistoceno Tardà ­o Y Holoceno Temprano En Guilà ¡ Naquitz (Oaxaca, Mà ©xico). Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 16.3 (2013): 487–94.  Schoenwetter, James. Pollen Records of Guila Naquitz Cave. American Antiquity 39.2 (1974): 292–303.  Smith, Bruce D. The Initial Domestication of Cucurbita Pepo in the Americas 10,000 Years Ago. Science 276.5314 (1997): 932–34.  Warinner, Christina, Nelly Robles Garcia, and Noreen Tuross. Maize, Beans and the Floral Isotopic Diversity of Highland Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science 40.2 (2013): 868–73.

Mosquita Y Mari Film Analysis - 1448 Words

The film Mosquita y Mari directed and created by Aurora Guerrero is a coming of age story set about Huntington Park in the southeastern part of Los Angeles. It uses tense scenery that seeks to explore what it means to be in a romantic relationship versus a close friendship. Furthermore, upon legitimizing Yolanda and Mari`s relationship the film provokes the audience to ask the question, â€Å"If they are queer, what is keeping them in the closet?† This question is most effectively answered by examining how Yolanda and Mari`s ethnicity, locational, and immigrant descendant identities intersect to keep them in the closet. The films framework is centered around the exploration of sexuality, and although it is subtle the film implies that the two†¦show more content†¦If this was not a sexually charged act of intimacy, then why are they worried about being caught? This theme of what female intimacy is often portrayed in lesbian texts, for example the beginning of Stone But ch Blues by Leslie Fienberg wrestles with what it means to be intimate with a lover. Ze does this through the reoccurring descriptions about hir lover would take care of hir after traumatic experiences with police, â€Å"You drove us home with my head in your lap all the way, stroking my face. You ran the bath. Set out my fresh underwear. Put me to bed. Caressed me carefully. Held me gently† (5). This is a stark contrast from the often overtly sexual images of queers couples, even in films that are made for queer people. This overt sexuality when showing queer relationships is often a result of queer people feeling as though they must validate their relationships with sexual contact. An example of how this operates in real life is when young queer people who have no sexual experience getting asked â€Å"How do you know you are really gay if you have never had sex with a guy/girl?†. Furthermore, both Stone Butch Blues and Mosquita y Mari portray queer responses to livin g in a state that prevents queer people from being â€Å"out† of the metaphorical closet that the state has shoved them in. The â€Å"closeted† framework that the film is surrounded by causes the audience to inquire why Yolanda and Mari choose not to be more public with their affection. The answer is a result of the

Effect of the Motivation Techniques for Workers and Application

Question: Discuss about theEffect of the Motivation Techniques for Workers and Application. Answer: Introduction The reviewed article speaks about the effect of motivation techniques used by managers to increase productivity of their workers. The results are based on a study, which is carried out on 229 employees working in weaving and fabric dying factories. The study is carried out in Cerkezkoy Organized Industrial Site. A relevant thesis statement that can be derived from this article is that motivation techniques applied by a manager has an effect on employee efficiency and productivity and this may be dependent on various demographic factors (Guclu Guney 2013). Based on the thesis statement, the article has various strengths and weaknesses. One of the strengths is that an actual study is carried out to determine the effects of motivation on workers, rather than just basing it on assumptions. Through the study, various conclusions can be drawn, as it is evident that motivation of employees is also determined by other factors apart from the kind of techniques that are used by the employer (Lazaroiu, 2015). Gender, level of education, income, marital status and job experience are factors, which can influence how employees feel about certain motivation techniques. Another strength is that motivation factors are assessed in term s of whether they are economic, psychosocial or organizational and managerial. This assists in giving a broader view of what kind of factors motivate employees most and lead to an increase in their efficiency and productivity. The weakness of the article is that the study is limited to a weaving and dyeing factory, which may give a limited perspective of motivation due to the nature of work and type of skills needed to carry out the work (Cunningham 2016). The study would have included different types of industries so that the factors, which influence motivation, can be more conclusive in terms of whether they are similar or slightly different based on industry. Importance of Motivation Motivation is a key factor that influences how employees in an organization perform hence managers should ensure they use the right motivational techniques. Motivation is important as the ability of any employee to work and their wiliness affect their efficiency. Motivation creates ability by providing an employee with the necessary training and skills needed in performing the task. It also creates the willingness needed to do work (Dobre 2013). All these lead to efficiency of an employee, which is then reflected in the performance of a department or an organization. In an organization, some employees have negative attitudes, which are passed on to their colleagues hence leading to poor performance and lack of efficiency. Motivation is key in such situations as it enables organizations to create positive attitudes among the workforce. Positive attitudes lead to enhanced teamwork hence overall efficiency and great organizational performance. An organization that has employees who are not motivated constantly suffers from high employee turnover (Gupta Shaw 2014). This is because employees keep looking for greener pastures so that they can leave. Work is greatly affected in such organizations as there are constant shortages and it leads to overworking of other employees. This leads to disgruntlement among the workforce. Such organizations spend a lot of time and money in recruiting employees and training. This wastage can only be cleared if the organization looks at motivation and ways in which it can retain its workforce through different techniques (Korzynski 2013). Motivated employees work for long periods in companies hence the problem of high turnover is eliminated. Such employees are also often willing to take on extra tasks hence a lot gets done and efficiency is maximized in the organization, leading to greater output levels (Asim 2013). Absenteeism is also reduced in such companies. Employees look forward to going to work and absenteeism cases are minima l. Organizations are constantly changing due to environmental factors. Effective change management can only occur where employees are motivated. Employees who are not motivated do not embrace change and instead seek to frustrate management efforts when a new change is to be implemented. Motivation leads to employees taking change initiatives positively and becoming change champions (Pandey 2014). Change occurs smoothly in such environments, as employees become the key drivers for change efforts. The main aim of motivation is to ensure that employees work willingly and fondly. This can only be achieved if manager listen to employees and come up with techniques that will have a positive effect on the employees. Managers can use different techniques to motivate employees so that they receive maximum efficiency. They must build trust with their employees. Trust is two therefore as managers trust employees to perform effectively; their employees also expect that their best interests be looked out for by their managers (Mathew Johnson 2015). The manager therefore has to ensure that trust is built and this can only be done through effective communication. Openness must be encouraged between managers and employees. Feedback should be a two way process. Managers should be able to provide honest feedback to their employees whether its positive or negative. In the same way, managers should be open to feedback from their employees. Open communication leads to positive working environme nts and motivated employees. This greatly enhances teamwork as employees communicate well and are willing to work with each other. In such environments, employee grievances and suggestions are listened to hence; it becomes easier for managers to apply the relevant motivation techniques. Managers should also make sure that they provide work that is meaningful and challenging to their employees. When staff feel that, the work that they do is important it makes a great difference in an organization (Baba 2017). Most employees just want to feel that they are part of the organization and that their roles are recognized. Employees mostly want to feel a sense of achievement, responsibility, enjoyment and recognition. Employees are also most likely to achieve when there is a possibility of career advancement ahead of them. Managers should therefore provide opportunities where employees are able to grow and gain skills from other departments. Employees get motivated when they know that their hard work is going to be repaid by a promotion or a bright future in terms of advancement in their careers. It is therefore important that managers train employees constantly and provide a working environment where there is freeness and fairness in terms of career growth. Validity of Thesis Statement of Article The Thesis statement of the article is agreeable because motivation factors used by managers do influence efficiency and productivity. However, demographic factors do not necessarily influence the type of motivation used. The study done on the Cerkezkoy Industrial Site is an indication that the demographic that influences motivation most is education. People who are more educated tend to have stronger opinion and are keener on the kind of motivation, which is used. People who are less educated tend to look at economic motivational factors more as their main aim is to get income to sustain their needs (Kaur 2013). The study also divides the motivational needs into economic, psychosocial and organizational, which reflects the types of motivation, which managers can use to motivate their employees so that they achieve efficiency. Economic factors include using factors involving money to motivate employees and these can be bonuses, pay rises or monetary rewards. This motivates employees to work efficiently as they know that at the end of the day they will benefit from various incentives. Organizational and managerial motivators are different and include factors within the company, which can be used in motivation (Mason 2017). The organization can use team building to build morale and enhance teamwork in the company hence leading to a positive environment, which will lead to employees feeling, motivated. Employees can also be allowed to learn skills in different departments so that they are all-rounded. This leads to motivation, as they will feel that the organization cares about them enough to do job rotation. Managers can also ensure that they are responsible for employees under them and constantly train and recognize them. This way, employees feel that their managers actually care and are motivated to work harder as they know that their efforts are recognized. Psychosocial motivation includes factors, which appeal to the psychological side of an employee. Employees want to feel appreciated and recognized at the work place. Such incentives include managers having programs like employee of the work schemes where different employees are recognized based on their work and efforts. Healthy competitions can also be put in place and the most productive employees rewarded. This leads to motivation as everyone works hard to achieve the reward. Conclusion Overall, the article shows us that motivation is a key factor that can bring out employee capabilities and skills. Once employees are motivated, they do their best to perform and through this, managers are able to identify the strengths of their employees. This leads to employee skills being maximized hence leading to efficiency. Through this, organizations are able to be efficient in processes hence leading to overall success that reflects in the bottom-line. It is therefore very important that managers use various techniques to motivate employees so that they achieve maximum benefit. References Asim, M., 2013. Impact of motivation on employee performance with effect of training: specific to education sector of Pakistan.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,3(9), pp.1-9. Baba, A.I., 2017. EFFECTS OF MOTIVATION, WORKING CONDITIONS AND PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE.ASIAN JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES,5(8). Cunningham, A., 2016. What are the Key Drivers Used to Promote Employee Motivation and Engagement in a Manufacturing Environment?. Dobre, O.I., 2013. Employee motivation and organizational performance.Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research,5(1), pp.53-60. Guclu, H and Guney S, 2013. The Effect of the Motivation Techniques Used by Managers to Increase the Productivity of their Workers and an Application, Business Management Dynamics 6 (7),pp 01-18 Gupta, N. and Shaw, J.D., 2014. Employee compensation: The neglected area of HRM research.Human Resource Management Review,24(1), pp.1-4. Kaur, A., 2013. Maslows need hierarchy theory: Applications and criticisms.Global Journal of Management and Business Studies,3(10), pp.1061-1064. Korzynski, P., 2013. EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION IN NEW WORKING ENVIRONMENT.International journal of academic research,5(5). Lazaroiu, G., 2015. Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations,14, p.97. Mason, K., 2017.The impact of HR practices on employee motivation and performance(Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff Metropolitan University). Mathew, U. and Johnson, J., 2015. Impact of Performance Appraisal System on Employee Motivation: With Special Reference to a Multi-Specialty Hospital in Kerala.International Journal of Finance Policy Analysis,7. Pandey, P., 2014. Employee motivation and retention-key to organisational performance-in Indian perspective.International Journal of Marketing and Technology,4(4), p.144.